Research

Proprioceptive Neuromusclar Facilitation for Joint Contractures - Technique Review Articles

1.  Tedla JS, Sangadala DR., Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation techniques in adhesive capsulitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis, J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact, 2019
2.  Sharman MJ, Cresswell AG, Riek S., Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation stretching : mechanisms and clinical implications, Sports Med, 2006
3.  Lempke L, Wilkinson R, Murray C, Stanek J., The Effectiveness of PNF Versus Static Stretching on Increasing Hip-Flexion Range of Motion, J Sport Rehabil, 2018
4.  Wanderley D, Lemos A, Moretti E, Barros MMMB, Valença MM, de Oliveira DA., Efficacy of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation compared to other stretching modalities in range of motion gain in young healthy adults: A systematic review, Physiother Theory Pract, 2019
5.  Yin Y, Wang J, Lin Q, Luo Y, Liu Y, Sun J., Effect of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation on patients with chronic ankle instability: A systematic review and meta-analysis, PLoS One, 2025
6.  Neuhaus C, Appenzeller-Herzog C, Faude O., A systematic review on conservative treatment options for OSGOOD-Schlatter disease, Phys Ther Sport, 2021
7.  Rudisill SS, Varady NH, Kucharik MP, Eberlin CT, Martin SD., Evidence-Based Hamstring Injury Prevention and Risk Factor Management: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials, Am J Sports Med, 2023
8.  Mora JC, Valencia WM., Exercise and Older Adults, Clin Geriatr Med, 2018
9.  Huffer D, Hing W, Newton R, Clair M., Strength training for plantar fasciitis and the intrinsic foot musculature: A systematic review, Phys Ther Sport, 2017
10.  Behm DG, Chaouachi A., A review of the acute effects of static and dynamic stretching on performance, Eur J Appl Physiol, 2011
11.  Freitas SR, Mendes B, Le Sant G, Andrade RJ, Nordez A, Milanovic Z., Can chronic stretching change the muscle-tendon mechanical properties? A review, Scand J Med Sci Sports, 2018
12.  Witvrouw E, Mahieu N, Danneels L, McNair P., Stretching and injury prevention: an obscure relationship, Sports Med, 2004
13.  Marik TL, Roll SC., Effectiveness of Occupational Therapy Interventions for Musculoskeletal Shoulder Conditions: A Systematic Review, Am J Occup Ther, 2017
14.  Cutts S, Obi N, Pasapula C, Chan W., Plantar fasciitis, Ann R Coll Surg Engl, 2012
15.  Zhu C, Huang X, Yu J, Feng Y, Zhou H., The clinical efficacy of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation technique in the treatment of scapulohumeral periarthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis, BMC Musculoskelet Disord, 2025
16.  Lauersen JB, Bertelsen DM, Andersen LB., The effectiveness of exercise interventions to prevent sports injuries: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials, Br J Sports Med, 2014
17.  Alizadeh S, Daneshjoo A, Zahiri A, Anvar SH, Goudini R, Hicks JP, Konrad A, Behm DG., Resistance Training Induces Improvements in Range of Motion: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis, Sports Med, 2023
18.  Jaggi A, Lambert S., Rehabilitation for shoulder instability, Br J Sports Med, 2010
19.  Gleim GW, McHugh MP., Flexibility and its effects on sports injury and performance, Sports Med, 1997
20.  Opplert J, Babault N., Acute Effects of Dynamic Stretching on Muscle Flexibility and Performance: An Analysis of the Current Literature, Sports Med, 2018
21.  Konrad A, Alizadeh S, Daneshjoo A, Anvar SH, Graham A, Zahiri A, Goudini R, Edwards C, Scharf C, Behm DG., Chronic effects of stretching on range of motion with consideration of potential moderating variables: A systematic review with meta-analysis, J Sport Health Sci, 2024
22.  Thomas E, Bianco A, Paoli A, Palma A., The Relation Between Stretching Typology and Stretching Duration: The Effects on Range of Motion, Int J Sports Med, 2018
23.  Terada M, Pietrosimone BG, Gribble PA., Therapeutic interventions for increasing ankle dorsiflexion after ankle sprain: a systematic review, J Athl Train, 2013
24.  Mertens MG, Meeus M, Verborgt O, Vermeulen EHM, Schuitemaker R, Hekman KMC, van der Burg DH, Struyf F., An overview of effective and potential new conservative interventions in patients with frozen shoulder, Rheumatol Int, 2022
25.  Behm DG, Alizadeh S, Daneshjoo A, Konrad A., Potential Effects of Dynamic Stretching on Injury Incidence of Athletes: A Narrative Review of Risk Factors, Sports Med, 2023
26.  Fredericson M, Wolf C., Iliotibial band syndrome in runners: innovations in treatment, Sports Med, 2005
27.  Medeiros DM, Martini TF., Chronic effect of different types of stretching on ankle dorsiflexion range of motion: Systematic review and meta-analysis, Foot (Edinb), 2018
28.  Gabriel DA, Kamen G, Frost G., Neural adaptations to resistive exercise: mechanisms and recommendations for training practices, Sports Med, 2006
29.  Medeiros DM, Cini A, Sbruzzi G, Lima CS., Influence of static stretching on hamstring flexibility in healthy young adults: Systematic review and meta-analysis, Physiother Theory Pract, 2016
30.  Hess GW., Achilles tendon rupture: a review of etiology, population, anatomy, risk factors, and injury prevention, Foot Ankle Spec, 2010
31.  Nunes JP, Schoenfeld BJ, Nakamura M, Ribeiro AS, Cunha PM, Cyrino ES., Does stretch training induce muscle hypertrophy in humans? A review of the literature, Clin Physiol Funct Imaging, 2020
32.  Afonso J, Andrade R, Rocha-Rodrigues S, Nakamura FY, Sarmento H, Freitas SR, Silva AF, Laporta L, Abarghoueinejad M, Akyildiz Z, Chen R, Pizarro A, Ramirez-Campillo R, Clemente FM., What We Do Not Know About Stretching in Healthy Athletes: A Scoping Review with Evidence Gap Map from 300 Trials, Sports Med, 2024
33.  Harvey LA, Katalinic OM, Herbert RD, Moseley AM, Lannin NA, Schurr K., Stretch for the treatment and prevention of contracture: an abridged republication of a Cochrane Systematic Review, J Physiother, 2017
34.  Lewis SR, Pritchard MW, Parker R, Searle HKC, Beckenkamp PR, Keene DJ, Bretherton C, Lin CC., Rehabilitation for ankle fractures in adults, Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2024
35.  Orchard J., Plantar fasciitis, BMJ, 2012
36.  Sánchez-Montoya LJ, Sánchez DP, Ordoñez-Mora LT., Proprioceptive rehabilitation strategies in posttraumatic wrist injuries. Scoping review, Colomb Med (Cali), 2023
37.  Talotta R, Aiello MR, Restuccia R, Magaudda L., Non-Pharmacological Interventions for Treating Psoriatic Arthritis, Altern Ther Health Med, 2024
38.  Ytterberg SR, Mahowald ML, Krug HE., Exercise for arthritis, Baillieres Clin Rheumatol, 1994
39.  Carlson CR, Curran SL., Stretch-based relaxation training, Patient Educ Couns, 1994
40.  Behm DG, Alizadeh S, Daneshjoo A, Anvar SH, Graham A, Zahiri A, Goudini R, Edwards C, Culleton R, Scharf C, Konrad A., Acute Effects of Various Stretching Techniques on Range of Motion: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis, Sports Med Open, 2023
41.  Lambova S., Exercise Programmes for Osteoarthritis with Different Localization, Curr Rheumatol Rev, 2018
42.  Ramos GA, Arliani GG, Astur DC, Pochini AC, Ejnisman B, Cohen M., Rehabilitation of hamstring muscle injuries: a literature review, Rev Bras Ortop, 2016
43.  Guissard N, Duchateau J., Neural aspects of muscle stretching, Exerc Sport Sci Rev, 2006
44.  Kopp-Mulberg FE, Naik H., Arthritis: Knee and Hip Arthroplasty, FP Essent, 2025
45.  Zhu GC, Chen KM, Belcastro F., Comparing Different Stretching Exercises on Pain, Stiffness, and Physical Function Disability in Older Adults With Knee Osteoarthritis, Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 2024
46.  Wilk KE, Hooks TR., Rehabilitation of the throwing athlete: where we are in 2014, Clin Sports Med, 2015
47.  Warneke K, Behm DG, Alizadeh S, Hillebrecht M, Konrad A, Wirth K., Discussing Conflicting Explanatory Approaches in Flexibility Training Under Consideration of Physiology: A Narrative Review, Sports Med, 2024
48.  Nakamura M, Takeuchi K, Fukaya T, Nakao G, Konrad A, Mizuno T., Acute effects of static stretching on passive stiffness in older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis, Arch Gerontol Geriatr, 2024
49.  Owens C, Conaghan PG., Improving joint pain and function in osteoarthritis, Practitioner, 2016
50.  Reeves ND, Bowling FL., Conservative biomechanical strategies for knee osteoarthritis, Nat Rev Rheumatol, 2011
51.  Peters JA, Zwerver J, Diercks RL, Elferink-Gemser MT, van den Akker-Scheek I., Preventive interventions for tendinopathy: A systematic review, J Sci Med Sport, 2016
52.  Warrick A, Davis B., Neurogenic Thoracic Outlet Syndrome in Athletes - Nonsurgical Treatment Options, Curr Sports Med Rep, 2021
53.  Colonna S, Casacci F., Myofascial System and Physical Exercise: A Narrative Review on Stretching (Part I), Cureus, 2024
54.  Schreiber AL, Sucher BM, Nazarian LN., Two novel nonsurgical treatments of carpal tunnel syndrome, Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am, 2014
55.  Fukaya T, Sato S, Yahata K, Yoshida R, Takeuchi K, Nakamura M., Effects of stretching intensity on range of motion and muscle stiffness: A narrative review, J Bodyw Mov Ther, 2022
56.  Thomas E, Bellafiore M, Petrigna L, Paoli A, Palma A, Bianco A., Peripheral Nerve Responses to Muscle Stretching: A Systematic Review, J Sports Sci Med, 2021
57.  Skalsky AJ, McDonald CM., Prevention and management of limb contractures in neuromuscular diseases, Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am, 2012
58.  Pietrosimone B, Blackburn JT, Harkey MS, Luc BA, Pamukoff DN, Hart JM., Clinical strategies for addressing muscle weakness following knee injury, Clin Sports Med, 2015
59.  Mohamed AA., Can Proprioceptive Training Enhance Fatigability and Decrease Progression Rate of Sarcopenia in Seniors? A Novel Approach, Curr Rheumatol Rev, 2021
60.  Núñez de Arenas-Arroyo S, Martínez-Vizcaíno V, Torres-Costoso A, Reina-Gutiérrez S, Bizzozero-Peroni B, Cavero-Redondo I., Immediate and short-term effects of neurodynamic techniques on hamstring flexibility: A systematic review with meta-analysis, PLoS One, 2025
61.  Abdulmassih S, Phisitkul P, Femino JE, Amendola A., Triceps surae contracture: implications for foot and ankle surgery, J Am Acad Orthop Surg, 2013
62.  Fellas A, Hawke F, Santos D, Coda A., Prevalence, presentation and treatment of lower limb pathologies in juvenile idiopathic arthritis: A narrative review, J Paediatr Child Health, 2017
63.  Piacenza A, Zerilli A, Viccari I, Castelli G., Effectiveness of conservative treatment in the management of post-traumatic elbow stiffness: A systematic review, Musculoskelet Sci Pract, 2024
64.  Katalinic OM, Harvey LA, Herbert RD, Moseley AM, Lannin NA, Schurr K., Stretch for the treatment and prevention of contractures, Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2010
65.  Apostolopoulos N, Metsios GS, Flouris AD, Koutedakis Y, Wyon MA., The relevance of stretch intensity and position-a systematic review, Front Psychol, 2015
66.  Riley DA, Van Dyke JM., The effects of active and passive stretching on muscle length, Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am, 2012
67.  Bailey DL, Holden MA, Foster NE, Quicke JG, Haywood KL, Bishop A., Defining adherence to therapeutic exercise for musculoskeletal pain: a systematic review, Br J Sports Med, 2020
68.  Witvrouw E, Mahieu N, Roosen P, McNair P., The role of stretching in tendon injuries, Br J Sports Med, 2007
69.  Schleip R, Müller DG., Training principles for fascial connective tissues: scientific foundation and suggested practical applications, J Bodyw Mov Ther, 2013
70.  Shoup D., An osteopathic approach to performing arts medicine, Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am, 2006
71.  Anderson B, Burke ER., Scientific, medical, and practical aspects of stretching, Clin Sports Med, 1991
72.  Colonna S, Casacci F., Myofascial System and Physical Exercise: A Narrative Review on Stiffening (Part II), Cureus, 2024
73.  Guo R, Luo Y, Xu Y, Lan K, Zhao Y., Efficacy of modified posterior shoulder stretching exercises on shoulder function in subacromial impingement syndrome: A comprehensive meta-analysis, Medicine (Baltimore), 2025
74.  Baker MM, Juhn MS., Patellofemoral pain syndrome in the female athlete, Clin Sports Med, 2000
75.  Donatelli R, Ruivo RM, Thurner M, Ibrahim MI., New concepts in restoring shoulder elevation in a stiff and painful shoulder patient, Phys Ther Sport, 2014
76.  Barske HL, DiGiovanni BF, Douglass M, Nawoczenski DA., Current concepts review: isolated gastrocnemius contracture and gastrocnemius recession, Foot Ankle Int, 2012
77.  Blazevich AJ., Adaptations in the passive mechanical properties of skeletal muscle to altered patterns of use, J Appl Physiol (1985), 2019
78.  Garrett TR, Neibert PJ., The effectiveness of a gastrocnemius-soleus stretching program as a therapeutic treatment of plantar fasciitis, J Sport Rehabil, 2013
79.  Burk C, Perry J, Lis S, Dischiavi S, Bleakley C., Can Myofascial Interventions Have a Remote Effect on ROM? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis, J Sport Rehabil, 2019
80.  Bouaziz W, Lang PO, Schmitt E, Kaltenbach G, Geny B, Vogel T., Health benefits of multicomponent training programmes in seniors: a systematic review, Int J Clin Pract, 2016
81.  Kosik KB, McCann RS, Terada M, Gribble PA., Therapeutic interventions for improving self-reported function in patients with chronic ankle instability: a systematic review, Br J Sports Med, 2017
82.  Clanton TO, Coupe KJ., Hamstring strains in athletes: diagnosis and treatment, J Am Acad Orthop Surg, 1998
83.  Carcia CR, Martin RL, Houck J, Wukich DK; Orthopaedic Section of the American Physical Therapy Association., Achilles pain, stiffness, and muscle power deficits: achilles tendinitis, J Orthop Sports Phys Ther, 2010
84.  Kallerud H, Gleeson N., Effects of stretching on performances involving stretch-shortening cycles, Sports Med, 2013
85.  da Costa BR, Vieira ER., Stretching to reduce work-related musculoskeletal disorders: a systematic review, J Rehabil Med, 2008
86.  Gaudin P, Leguen-Guegan S, Allenet B, Baillet A, Grange L, Juvin R., Is dynamic exercise beneficial in patients with rheumatoid arthritis?, Joint Bone Spine, 2008
87.  Behm DG, Alizadeh S, Anvar SH, Drury B, Granacher U, Moran J., Non-local Acute Passive Stretching Effects on Range of Motion in Healthy Adults: A Systematic Review with Meta-analysis, Sports Med, 2021
88.  Harshbarger ND, Eppelheimer BL, Valovich McLeod TC, Welch McCarty C., The effectiveness of shoulder stretching and joint mobilizations on posterior shoulder tightness, J Sport Rehabil, 2013
89.  Salamh PA, Liu X, Hanney WJ, Sprague PA, Kolber MJ., The efficacy and fidelity of clinical interventions used to reduce posterior shoulder tightness: a systematic review with meta-analysis, J Shoulder Elbow Surg, 2019
90.  Mine K, Nakayama T, Milanese S, Grimmer K., Effectiveness of Stretching on Posterior Shoulder Tightness and Glenohumeral Internal-Rotation Deficit: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials, J Sport Rehabil, 2017
91.  Geraci MC Jr, Brown W., Evidence-based treatment of hip and pelvic injuries in runners, Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am, 2005
92.  Hussey MJ, Boron-Magulick AE, Valovich McLeod TC, Welch Bacon CE., The Comparison of Instrument-Assisted Soft Tissue Mobilization and Self-Stretch Measures to Increase Shoulder Range of Motion in Overhead Athletes: A Critically Appraised Topic, J Sport Rehabil, 2018
93.  Stasinopoulos D, Stasinopoulou K, Johnson MI., An exercise programme for the management of lateral elbow tendinopathy, Br J Sports Med, 2005
94.  Vandervoort AA., Potential benefits of warm-up for neuromuscular performance of older athletes, Exerc Sport Sci Rev, 2009
95.  Jansen JA, Mens JM, Backx FJ, Kolfschoten N, Stam HJ., Treatment of longstanding groin pain in athletes: a systematic review, Scand J Med Sci Sports, 2008
96.  Weldon EJ 3rd, Richardson AB., Upper extremity overuse injuries in swimming. A discussion of swimmer's shoulder, Clin Sports Med, 2001
97.  Katalinic OM, Harvey LA, Herbert RD., Effectiveness of stretch for the treatment and prevention of contractures in people with neurological conditions: a systematic review, Phys Ther, 2011
98.  Duñabeitia I, González-Devesa D, Blanco-Martínez N, Ayán-Pérez C., The effects of stretching in Parkinson's disease: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials, Parkinsonism Relat Disord, 2025
99.  Müller AM, Sadoghi P, Lucas R, Audige L, Delaney R, Klein M, Valderrabano V, Vavken P., Effectiveness of bracing in the treatment of nonosseous restriction of elbow mobility: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 13 studies, J Shoulder Elbow Surg, 2013
100.  Warneke K, Lohmann LH, Plöschberger G, Konrad A., Critical evaluation and recalculation of current systematic reviews with meta-analysis on the effects of acute and chronic stretching on passive properties and passive peak torque, Eur J Appl Physiol, 2024
101.  Ingram LA, Tomkinson GR, d'Unienville NMA, Gower B, Gleadhill S, Boyle T, Bennett H., Optimising the Dose of Static Stretching to Improve Flexibility: A Systematic Review, Meta-analysis and Multivariate Meta-regression, Sports Med, 2025
102.  Favro F, Roma E, Gobbo S, Bullo V, Di Blasio A, Cugusi L, Bergamin M., The Influence of Resistance Training on Joint Flexibility in Healthy Adults: A Systematic Review, Meta-analysis, and Meta-regression, J Strength Cond Res, 2025
103.  Almeida MO, Silva BN, Andriolo RB, Atallah AN, Peccin MS., Conservative interventions for treating exercise-related musculotendinous, ligamentous and osseous groin pain, Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2013

Dynamic Splinting for Joint Contracture - Technique and Wearable Splints

1.  Veltman ES, Doornberg JN, Eygendaal D, van den Bekerom MP., Static progressive versus dynamic splinting for posttraumatic elbow stiffness: a systematic review of 232 patients, Arch Orthop Trauma Surg, 2015
2.  Furia JP, Willis FB, Shanmugam R, Curran SA., Systematic review of contracture reduction in the lower extremity with dynamic splinting, Adv Ther, 2013
3.  Shah MA, Lopez JK, Escalante AS, Green DP., Dynamic splinting of forearm rotational contracture after distal radius fracture, J Hand Surg Am, 2002
4.  Pace JL, Nasreddine AY, Simoni M, Zurakowski D, Kocher MS., Dynamic Splinting in Children and Adolescents With Stiffness After Knee Surgery, J Pediatr Orthop, 2018
5.  Lindenhovius AL, Doornberg JN, Brouwer KM, Jupiter JB, Mudgal CS, Ring D., A prospective randomized controlled trial of dynamic versus static progressive elbow splinting for posttraumatic elbow stiffness, J Bone Joint Surg Am, 2012
6.  John MM, Willis FB, Portillo A., Dynamic splinting for runner's toe: a case report with gait analysis, J Am Podiatr Med Assoc, 2009
7.  Gaspar PD, Willis FB., Adhesive capsulitis and dynamic splinting: a controlled, cohort study, BMC Musculoskelet Disord, 2009
8.  Yeager AF, Faillace JJ., Dynamic supination-flexion splinting for the postoperative management of distal biceps injuries, J Hand Ther, 2008
9.  Sheridan L, Lopez A, Perez A, John MM, Willis FB, Shanmugam R., Plantar fasciopathy treated with dynamic splinting: a randomized controlled trial, J Am Podiatr Med Assoc, 2010
10.  Mildenberger LA, Amadio PC, An KN., Dynamic splinting: a systematic approach to the selection of elastic traction, Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 1986
11.  Bain GI, Mehta JA, Heptinstall RJ., The dynamic elbow suspension splint, J Shoulder Elbow Surg, 1998
12.  Boozer JA, Sanson MS, Soutas-Little RW, Coale EH Jr, Pierce TD, Swanson AB., Comparison of the biomedical motions and forces involved in high-profile versus low-profile dynamic splinting, J Hand Ther, 1994
13.  McPherson JJ, Becker AH, Franszczak N., Dynamic splint to reduce the passive component of hypertonicity, Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 1985
14.  McKee P, Nguyen C., Customized dynamic splinting: orthoses that promote optimal function and recovery after radial nerve injury: a case report, J Hand Ther, 2007
15.  Greer MA, Miklos-Essenberg ME., Early mobilization using dynamic splinting with acute triceps tendon avulsion, J Hand Ther, 2005
16.  Postans N, Wright P, Bromwich W, Wilkinson I, Farmer SE, Swain I., The combined effect of Dynamic splinting and Neuromuscular electrical stimulation in reducing wrist and elbow contractures in six children with Cerebral palsy, Prosthet Orthot Int, 2010
17.  Scheker LR, Chesher SP, Netscher DT, Julliard KN, O'Neill WL., Functional results of dynamic splinting after transmetacarpal, wrist, and distal forearm replantation, J Hand Surg Br, 1995
18.  Wajon A., Clinical splinting successes: the thumb "strap splint" for dynamic instability of the trapeziometacarpal joint, J Hand Ther, 2000
19.  Theuvenet WJ, Kauer JM, Koeijers GF, Borghouts JM., The Kleinert dynamic splint: where it fails and how it can be modified, Ann Chir Main Memb Super, 1993
20.  Maddy LS, Meyerdierks EM., Dynamic extension assist splinting of acute central slip lacerations, J Hand Ther, 1997
21.  Gracies JM, Marosszeky JE, Renton R, Sandanam J, Gandevia SC, Burke D., Short-term effects of dynamic lycra splints on upper limb in hemiplegic patients, Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 2000
22.  Lucas BB., Roll splints: an option in low-profile dynamic splinting, Am J Occup Ther, 1988
23.  Blair E, Ballantyne J, Horsman S, Chauvel P., A study of a dynamic proximal stability splint in the management of children with cerebral palsy, Dev Med Child Neurol, 1995
24.  Becker H, Hardy M., A constant tension dynamic splint, Plast Reconstr Surg, 1980
25.  Richard R, Shanesy CP 3rd, Miller SF., Dynamic versus static splints: a prospective case for sustained stress, J Burn Care Rehabil, 1995
26.  Marx H., Comparison of the biomechanical motions and forces involved in high-profile versus low-profile dynamic splinting, J Hand Ther, 1995
27.  Harris SR., A study of a dynamic proximal stability splint in the management of children with cerebral palsy, Dev Med Child Neurol, 1996
28.  Panzarella JJ Jr, Banerjee S, Lehneis HR., Dynamic shoulder abduction splint, Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 1966
29.  Parker BC., A dynamic elbow extension splint, Am J Occup Ther, 1987
30.  Sellers J., A low-profile dorsal dynamic splint, Am J Occup Ther, 1980
31.  Van Leer P, Flowers KR., A dynamic splint for limiting joint motion, J Hand Ther, 1998
32.  Mignardi MM., Dynamic pip stabilizing splint, J Hand Ther, 1994
33.  Van Veldhoven G., A device for tension adjustment on dynamic splints, J Hand Ther, 1996
34.  Thakur A, Chauhan D, Singla NK, Viswambaran M, Kumar S, Yadav RK., Prosthetic Management of Microstomia with Customized Dynamic Splint, Int J Prosthodont, 2020
35.  Schreuders TA, Soeters HJ, Augustijn WA, Hoekstra A, Lucas-Boon EJ., Dynamic extension splint: Rotterdam design, J Hand Ther, 1997
36.  Farmer SE, Woollam PJ, Patrick JH, Roberts AP, Bromwich W., Dynamic orthoses in the management of joint contracture, J Bone Joint Surg Br, 2005
37.  Wulff J, Schmid A, Huber C, Rosentritt M., Dynamic fatigue of 3D-printed splint materials, J Mech Behav Biomed Mater, 2021
38.  Andersen CB., Dynamic knee splint to prevent hyperextension, Phys Ther, 1972
39.  Kofkin J, Tobing M, Dellon AL., Dynamic elbow splint following tendon transfer to restore triceps function, Am J Occup Ther, 1980
40.  Kalisman M, Chesher SP, Lister GD., Adjustable dynamic external splint for control of first web contracture, Plast Reconstr Surg, 1983
41.  Dovelle S, Heeter PK, Phillips PD., A dynamic traction splint for the management of extrinsic tendon tightness, Am J Occup Ther, 1987
42.  GESSEL UM., A splint for the dynamic correction of talipes equinovarus and metatarsus adductus, Bull Moore White Med Found Los Angel, 1951
43.  Gaurisas V., Dynamic splints for rehabilitation after surgical treatment of ankylosis, J Oral Surg, 1975
44.  Berthold C, Auer FJ, Potapov S, Petschelt A., Influence of wire extension and type on splint rigidity--evaluation by a dynamic and a static measuring method, Dent Traumatol, 2011
45.  Howell JW, Gyovai JE., Active motion opposite to the pull of a mobilizing dynamic-assist force, J Hand Ther, 1996
46.  van Velze C, Farmer H., Low-profile dynamic splints: a solution to the friction problem, J Hand Ther, 1993
47.  Sousa GG, de Macêdo MP., Effects of a dynamic orthosis in an individual with claw deformity, J Hand Ther, 2015
48.  Johnson BM, Flynn MJ, Beckenbaugh RD., A dynamic splint for use after total wrist arthroplasty, Am J Occup Ther, 1981
49.  Dickson RA., Reversed dynamic slings. A new concept in the treatment of post-traumatic elbow flexion contractures, Injury, 1976
50.  Anastasiadis A, Venouziou A., Traumatic dynamic anterior instability of the trapeziometacarpal joint, J Hand Surg Eur Vol, 2009
51.  Anderson DD, Brown TD, Yang KH, Radin EL., A dynamic finite element analysis of impulsive loading of the extension-splinted rabbit knee, J Biomech Eng, 1990
52.  Razak NA, Osman NA, Gholizadeh H, Ali S., Prosthetics socket that incorporates an air splint system focusing on dynamic interface pressure, Biomed Eng Online, 2014
53.  Leung PC, Hui KM., The thumb web expanding splint: dynamic splintage for traumatic web contracture, Hand, 1981
54.  Visser JD., Dynamic splint for treatment of congenital dysplasia of the hip, J Pediatr Orthop, 1985
55.  Austin GP, Slamet M, Cameron D, Austin NM., A comparison of high-profile and low-profile dynamic mobilization splint designs, J Hand Ther, 2004
56.  Shang TY, Meng H, Gu ZH, Hua ZX., The mechanism of muscular internal dynamic force in the treatment of femoral shaft fracture by integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine, J Tradit Chin Med, 1985
57.  Buchanan RT., Mechanical requirements for application and modification of the dynamic force couple method, Hand Clin, 1994
58.  Jacobs ML., Low-profile dynamic wrist splint, J Hand Ther, 1995
59.  Berthold C, Auer FJ, Potapov S, Petschelt A., In vitro splint rigidity evaluation--comparison of a dynamic and a static measuring method, Dent Traumatol, 2011
60.  Miura T, Nakamura R, Tamura Y., Long-standing extended dynamic splintage and release of an abnormal restraining structure in camptodactyly, J Hand Surg Br, 1992
61.  Jongs RA, Harvey LA, Gwinn T, Lucas BR., Dynamic splints do not reduce contracture following distal radial fracture: a randomised controlled trial, J Physiother, 2012
62.  Kamil NI, Correia AM., A dynamic elbow flexion splint for an infant with arthrogryposis, Am J Occup Ther, 1990
63.  Ostric SA, Theodoreau S, Kouris G, Polley JW., A dynamic method for stabilizing intraoral skin grafts that is simple, inexpensive, and effective, J Craniofac Surg, 2004
64.  Miller L, van Wijck F, Lamont L, Preston J, Hair M., Sensory dynamic orthoses in mild to moderate upper limb tremor in multiple sclerosis: a mixed methods feasibility study, Clin Rehabil, 2016
65.  Stein H, Dickson RA., Reversed dynamic slings for knee-flexion contractures in the hemophiliac, J Bone Joint Surg Am, 1975
66.  Cheng HY, Ju YY, Lin CL., Design and validation of a dynamic stretch splint for plantar fasciitis, Med Eng Phys, 2012
67.  Cantero-Téllez R, Villafañe JH, Garcia-Orza SG, Valdes K., Analyzing the functional effects of dynamic and static splints after radial nerve injury, Hand Surg Rehabil, 2020
68.  Goguin JP, Houghton GR., Reversed dynamic slings for fixed flexion contractures in haemophilia, Acta Orthop Belg, 1983
69.  Muramatsu K, Ihara K, Shigetomi M, Kimura K, Kurokawa Y, Kawai S., Posttraumatic radioulnar synostosis treated with a free vascularized fat transplant and dynamic splint: a report of two cases, J Orthop Trauma, 2004
70.  Burtner PA, Anderson JB, Marcum ML, Poole JL, Qualls C, Picchiarini MS., A comparison of static and dynamic wrist splints using electromyography in individuals with rheumatoid arthritis, J Hand Ther, 2003
71.  Nemati Z, Javanshir MA, Saeedi H, Farmani F, Aghajani Fesharaki S., The effect of new dynamic splint in pinch strength in De Quervain syndrome: a comparative study, Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol, 2017
72.  Nair CK, Sivagami G, Kunnekel AT, Naidu ME., Dynamic commissural splint, Indian J Dent Res, 2008
73.  Sabri S, Roberts VC, Cotton LT., Effects of externally applied pressure on the haemodynamics of the lower limb, Br Med J, 1971
74.  Anzel SH, Streitz WL., Acute acromioclavicular injuries. A report of nineteen cases treated non-operatively employing dynamic splint immobilization, Clin Orthop Relat Res, 1974
75.  Bialosky JE, Bishop MD, Price DD, Robinson ME, Vincent KR, George SZ., A randomized sham-controlled trial of a neurodynamic technique in the treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome, J Orthop Sports Phys Ther, 2009
76.  Merolla G, Bianchi P, Porcellini G., Efficacy, usability and tolerability of a dynamic elbow orthosis after collateral ligament reconstruction: a prospective randomized study, Musculoskelet Surg, 2014
77.  Yıldırımkaya B, Söylemez MS, Tasçı M, Uçar BY, Akpınar F., Comparison of the radiological and functional results of a plaster splint and dynamic stabilization splint for Boxer's fractures: A prospective randomized controlled study, J Orthop Sci, 2024
78.  Willis FB, Fowler B., Longitudinal Outcomes Following a Randomized Controlled Trial of Dynamic Splint Stretching for Carpal Tunnel Syndrome, Hand (N Y), 2016
79.  Berner SH, Willis FB., Dynamic splinting in wrist extension following distal radius fractures, J Orthop Surg Res, 2010
80.  Shulman DH, Shipman B, Willis FB., Treating trismus with dynamic splinting: a cohort, case series, Adv Ther, 2008
81.  Cenzi R, Guarda L., A dynamic nostril splint in the surgery of the nasal tip: technical innovation, J Craniomaxillofac Surg, 1996
82.  Neviaser RJ, Wilson JN, Lievano A., Rupture of the ulnar collateral ligament of the thumb (gamekeeper's thumb). Correction by dynamic repair, J Bone Joint Surg Am, 1971
83.  Lundequam P, Willis FB., Dynamic splinting home therapy for toe walking: a case report, Cases J, 2009
84.  Finger E, Willis FB., Dynamic splinting for knee flexion contracture following total knee arthroplasty: a case report, Cases J, 2008
85.  Shindo K, Fujiwara T, Hara J, Oba H, Hotta F, Tsuji T, Hase K, Liu M., Effectiveness of hybrid assistive neuromuscular dynamic stimulation therapy in patients with subacute stroke: a randomized controlled pilot trial, Neurorehabil Neural Repair, 2011
86.  Bennun RD, Langsam AC., Long-term results after using dynamic presurgical nasoalveolar remodeling technique in patients with unilateral and bilateral cleft lips and palates, J Craniofac Surg, 2009
87.  Op de Coul LS, Bleeker S, de Groot JH, Nelissen RGHH, Steenbeek D., Elbow flexion contractures in neonatal brachial plexus palsy: A one-year comparison of dynamic orthosis and serial casting, Clin Rehabil, 2023
88.  Pavone V, de Cristo C, Vescio A, Lucenti L, Sapienza M, Sessa G, Pavone P, Testa G., Dynamic and Static Splinting for Treatment of Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip: A Systematic Review, Children (Basel), 2021
89.  Serrao M, Casali C, Ranavolo A, Mari S, Conte C, Chini G, Leonardi L, Coppola G, DI Lorenzo C, Harfoush M, Padua L, Pierelli F., Use of dynamic movement orthoses to improve gait stability and trunk control in ataxic patients, Eur J Phys Rehabil Med, 2017
90.  Landes CA., Proximal segment positioning in bilateral sagittal split osteotomy: intraoperative dynamic positioning and monitoring by sonography, J Oral Maxillofac Surg, 2004
91.  Manigandan C, Kumar S, Bedford E, Rachel R, Joseph C., MYNI's traction: a reverse dynamic traction and concomitant ambulatory aid for patients with knee flexion deformities, Int J Rehabil Res, 2007
92.  Palumbo PM Jr., Dynamic patellar brace: a new orthosis in the management of patellofemoral disorders. A preliminary report, Am J Sports Med, 1981
93.  Manigandan C, Bedford E, Kumar S, Nathan V, Peter BK, Premkumar JC., 'MYNI's orthosis': a self-adjustable, dynamic knee extension orthosis for quadriceps weakness in haemophilia rehabilitation, Haemophilia, 2004
94.  Garavaglia L, Gasperini G, Lazzari F, Molteni F, Pittaccio S., Application of upper-limb dynamic pseudoelastic splinting in the treatment of stroke chronic patient: a pilot assessment, Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol, 2021

Standalone Stretch Assist Machines

  1.        Dempsey AL, Branch TP, Mills TJ, Karsch RM. High-intensity mechanical therapy for loss of knee extension for worker’s compensation and non-compensation patients. Sports Medicine Arthroscopy Rehabilitation Therapy Technology 2010;2:26.
2.        Heckmann TP, Fleckenstein C, Noyes FR. Treatment of arthrofibrosis following total knee replacement using high-intensity stretch mechanical therapy devices. Submitted to The Journal of Arthroplasty.
3.        Stephenson JJ, Quimbo RA, Gu T. Knee-attributable medical costs and risk of re-surgery among patients utilizing non-surgical treatment options for knee arthrofibrosis in a managed care population. Current Medical Research & Opinion 2010;26(5):1109-1118.
4.        Uhl TL, Jacobs CA. Torque measures of common therapies for the treatment of flexion contractures. The Journal of Arthroplasty 2011;26(2):328-334.
5.        Wilk KE, Macrina LC, Reinhold MM. Rehabilitation following microfracture of the knee. Cartilage 2010;1(2):96-107.
6.        Yenchak AJ, Wilk KE, Arrigo CA, Simpson II, CD, Andrews JR. Criteria-based management of an acute multistructure knee injury in a professional football player: a case report. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy 2011;41(9):675-686.
7.        Stinton SK, Beckley SJ, Branch TP. Efficacy of non-operative treatment of patients with knee arthrofibrosis using high-intensity home mechanical therapy: a retrospective review of 11,000+ patients. Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research 2022;17:337.
8.        Aspinall SK, Bamber ZA, Hignett SM, Godsiff SP, Wheeler PC, Fong DT. Medical stretching devices are effective in the treatment of knee arthrofibrosis: A systematic review. Journal of Orthopaedic Translation 2021;27:119-131. 
9.        Branch TP, Karsch RE, Mills TJ, Palmer MT. Mechanical therapy for loss of knee flexion. The American Journal of Orthopedics 2003;32(4):195-200.
10.  Heckmann TP, Fleckenstein C, Noyes FR. Treatment of arthrofibrosis following total knee replacement using high-intensity stretch mechanical therapy devices. Submitted to The Journal of Arthroplasty.
11.  Papotto BA, Mills TJ. Treatment of severe flexion deficits following total knee arthroplasty: A randomized clinical trial. Orthopaedic Nursing 2012;31(1):29-34.
12.  Stephenson JJ, Quimbo RA, Gu T. Knee-attributable medical costs and risk of re-surgery among patients utilizing non-surgical treatment options for knee arthrofibrosis in a managed care population. Current Medical Research & Opinion 2010;26(5):1109-1118.
13.  Uhl TL, Jacobs CA. Torque measures of common therapies for the treatment of loss of knee flexion. Sports Health 2012;4(2):101-106.
14.  Stinton S, Beckley S, Salamani A, Dietz D, Branch T. Efficacy of high-intensity home mechanical stretch therapy for treatment of shoulder stiffness: a retrospective review. Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research 2022;17:434.
15.  Davies GJ, Ellenbecker TS. Focused exercise aids shoulder hypomobility. BioMechanics 1999;6:77-81.
16.  Dempsey AL, Mills, TJ, Karsch RM, Branch TP. Maximizing total end range time is safe and effective for the conservative treatment of frozen shoulder patients. American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 2011;90(9):738-745.
17.  Jacobs CA, Sciascia AD. Factors that influence the efficacy of stretching programs for patients with hypomobility. Sports Health 2011;3(6):520-523.
18.  Wolin PM, Ingraffia-Welp, A, Moreyra CE, Hutton WC. High-intensity stretch treatment for severe postoperative adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder. Annals of Physical Rehabilitation Medicine 2016;59(4):242-247.
19.  Teytelbaum DE, Kumar NS, Dent CS, Neaville S, Warren DH, Simon P, Baker CE.  Efficacy of a high-intensity home stretching device and traditional physical therapy in non-operative management of adhesive capsulitis – a prospective, randomized control trial.  BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders 2024;25:305.
20.  Liou SW, Sattler A, Weinstein RB. A mechanical analysis of the ERMI MPJ Extensionater. Chapter 34 in the 2005 edition of the Podiatry Institute’s Update Textbook.
21.  Weinstein et al. Orthopedics (To be submitted for publication 1/25). A Claims Based Current Clinical Course of the Post-Treatment Period after a Unilateral Ankle Fracture.
22.  Pill et al. Orthopedics (Submitted for publication 1/25). A Claims Based Current Clinical Course of the Early Post-operative Period after a Unilateral Shoulder Rotator Cuff Repair.
23.  Beckley et al. Orthopedics (Submitted for publication 12/24). Efficacy of high-intensity mechanical stretching devices in treating ankle contractures: a retrospective review
24.  Beckley et al. Orthopedics (Submitted for publication 1/25). Efficacy of high intensity stretching in the treatment of elbow contractures: a retrospective analysis.
25.  Molina et al. Orthopedics (To be submitted for publication 1/25). A Claims Based Current Clinical Course of the Post-Treatment Period after a Unilateral Elbow Fracture.
26.  Dempsey et al. Orthopedics (To be submitted for publication 1/25). A Claims Based Current Clinical Course of the Post-Treatment Period after a Unilateral Wrist Fracture.
27.  Karim et al. Orthopedics (Submitted for publication 1/25). A Claims Based Current Clinical Course of the Post-operative Period after a Unilateral Total Knee Arthroplasty.

Static Progressive Stretch - Technique and Wearable Splints

1.  Bhave A, Sodhi N, Anis HK, Ehiorobo JO, Mont MA., Static progressive stretch orthosis-consensus modality to treat knee stiffness-rationale and literature review, Ann Transl Med, 2019
2.  Pompe B, Filipidis S, Dovč P., IMPACT OF STATIC PROGRESSIVE STRETCH ON RANGE OF MOTION AFTER TOTAL KNEE REPLACEMENT IN PATIENTS WITH HAEMOPHILIA, J Rehabil Med Clin Commun, 2022
3.  Sodhi N, Yao B, Khlopas A, Davidson IU, Sultan AA, Samuel LT, Lamaj S, Newman JM, Pivec R, Fisher KA, Gaal B, Mont MA., A Case for the Brace: A Critical, Comprehensive, and Up-To-Date Review of Static Progressive Stretch, Dynamic, and Turnbuckle Braces for the Management of Elbow, Knee, and Shoulder Pathology, Surg Technol Int, 2017
4.  Zhu JK, Wu FF, Yang RF, Xu FF, Lin YL, Ye MF., Postoperative subacute static progressive stretch does not increase the risk of distal lower limb venous thromboembolism, Chin J Traumatol, 2023
5.  Sharma NK, Loudon JK., Static progressive stretch brace as a treatment of pain and functional limitations associated with plantar fasciitis: a pilot study, Foot Ankle Spec, 2010
6.  Bonutti PM, McGrath MS, Ulrich SD, McKenzie SA, Seyler TM, Mont MA., Static progressive stretch for the treatment of knee stiffness, Knee, 2008
7.  Sodhi N, Yao B, Anis HK, Khlopas A, Sultan AA, Newman JM, Mont MA., Patient satisfaction and outcomes of static progressive stretch bracing: a 10-year prospective analysis, Ann Transl Med, 2019
8.  Bonutti PM, Marulanda GA, McGrath MS, Mont MA, Zywiel MG., Static progressive stretch improves range of motion in arthrofibrosis following total knee arthroplasty, Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc, 2010
9.  Bonutti PM, Windau JE, Ables BA, Miller BG., Static progressive stretch to reestablish elbow range of motion, Clin Orthop Relat Res, 1994
10.  Ibrahim M, Donatelli R, Hellman M, Echternach J., Efficacy of a static progressive stretch device as an adjunct to physical therapy in treating adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder: a prospective, randomised study, Physiotherapy, 2014
11.  Gunn LJ, Stewart JC, Morgan B, Metts ST, Magnuson JM, Iglowski NJ, Fritz SL, Arnot C., Instrument-assisted soft tissue mobilization and proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation techniques improve hamstring flexibility better than static stretching alone: a randomized clinical trial, J Man Manip Ther, 2019
12.  McGrath MS, Ulrich SD, Bonutti PM, Smith JM, Seyler TM, Mont MA., Evaluation of static progressive stretch for the treatment of wrist stiffness, J Hand Surg Am, 2008
13.  Ibrahim MI, Johnson AJ, Pivec R, Issa K, Naziri Q, Kapadia BH, Mont MA., Treatment of adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder with a static progressive stretch device: a prospective, randomized study, J Long Term Eff Med Implants, 2012
14.  Johnson AJ, McKenzie SA, Ulrich SD, Seyler TM, Issa K, Pivec R, A Mont M., Assessment of static progressive stretch for the treatment of shoulder stiffness: a prospective case series, J Long Term Eff Med Implants, 2012
15.  Costa CR, McElroy MJ, Johnson AJ, Lamm BM, Mont MA., Use of a static progressive stretch orthosis to treat post-traumatic ankle stiffness, BMC Res Notes, 2012
16.  Wang L, Cui JB, Xie HM, Zuo XQ, He JL, Jia ZS, Zhang LN., Effects of Different Static Progressive Stretching Durations on Range of Motion, Myofibroblasts, and Collagen in a Posttraumatic Knee Contracture Rat Model, Phys Ther, 2022
17.  Ulrich SD, Bonutti PM, Seyler TM, Marker DR, Morrey BF, Mont MA., Restoring range of motion via stress relaxation and static progressive stretch in posttraumatic elbow contractures, J Shoulder Elbow Surg, 2010
18.  Zhang R, Zhang QB, Zhou Y, Zhang R, Wang F., Possible mechanism of static progressive stretching combined with extracorporeal shock wave therapy in reducing knee joint contracture in rats based on MAPK/ERK pathway, Biomol Biomed, 2023
19.  Akhalkatsi V, Matiashvili M, Maskhulia L, Obgaidze G, Chikvatia L., EFFECT OF THE COMBINED UTILIZATION OF STATIC PROGRESSIVE STRETCHING AND PHONOPHORESIS WITH HYDROCORTISONE IN REHABILITATION OF KNEE CONTRACTURES CAUSED BY ARTHROFIBROSIS, Georgian Med News, 2022
20.  Bhat AK, Bhaskaranand K, Nair SG., Static progressive stretching using a turnbuckle orthosis for elbow stiffness: a prospective study, J Orthop Surg (Hong Kong), 2010
21.  McDonald CM., Limb contractures in progressive neuromuscular disease and the role of stretching, orthotics, and surgery, Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am, 1998
22.  Liu HH, Wu K, Chang CH., Treatment of complex elbow injuries with a postoperative custom-made progressive stretching static elbow splint, J Trauma, 2011
23.  Aspinall SK, Bamber ZA, Hignett SM, Godsiff SP, Wheeler PC, Fong DTP., Medical stretching devices are effective in the treatment of knee arthrofibrosis: A systematic review, J Orthop Translat, 2021
24.  Wang L, Zhang LN, He JL, Zuo XQ, Xie HM, Jia ZS., [The Therapeutic Effect and Mechanism of Static Progressive Stretching in Different Durations on Traumatic Knee Contracture in Rats], Sichuan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban, 2020
25.  Marek SM, Cramer JT, Fincher AL, Massey LL, Dangelmaier SM, Purkayastha S, Fitz KA, Culbertson JY., Acute Effects of Static and Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation Stretching on Muscle Strength and Power Output, J Athl Train, 2005
26.  Gergley JC., Acute effect of passive static stretching on lower-body strength in moderately trained men, J Strength Cond Res, 2013
27.  Babault N, Rodot G, Champelovier M, Cometti C., A Survey on Stretching Practices in Women and Men from Various Sports or Physical Activity Programs, Int J Environ Res Public Health, 2021